The Hyphal Tip: Fungal Genomes and Comparative Genomics

The American Academy of Microbiology has released a report (PDF) on the Fungal Kingdom outlining importance of research in the kingdom and recommending several areas of priority for future areas of research.

Looks like the USDA, Mars (the candy company), and IBM are partnering up to sequence the Cacao plants genome for everyone to use. Here is the article over at BBC News.

Just finished attending Genetics and Cell Biology of Basidiomycetes in Cape Girardeau, MO which was an intimate gathering of basidiomycetaphiles.  I learned about systems that are used for studying fruiting body development, genetic mapping, pheromone and mating genes, kinesin dynamics, meoitic gene regulation, and a host of topics.  I'm happy I got a chance to meet more folks in the community and learned about where informatics is needed

The [[Trichoderma reesei]] genome paper was recently published in Nature Biotechnology from Diego Martinez at [[LANL]] with collaborators at [[JGI]], [[LBNL]], and others. This fungus was chosen for sequencing because it was found on canvas tents eating the cotton material suggesting it may be a good candidate for degrading cellulose plant material as part of cellulosic ethanol production.

The genome of Podospora anserina S mat+ strain was sequenced by Genoscope and CNRS and published recently in Genome Biology. The genome sequence data has been available for several years, but it is great to see a publication describing the findings.  The 10X genome assembly with ~10,000 genes provides an important dataset for comparisons

The transcriptional landscape of yeast has been (further) defined with [[Solexa]] sequencing in a method deemed "RNA-Seq", but what I would call "deep EST sequencing".  This approach for transcriptional profiling by sequencing alone is sure to be used by many labs looking for lower and more complete ways to describe and quantitate the full population of transcripts in an organism.

Jennifer from the other end of the lab just showed me the Rhizoctonia solani genome project page at JCVI.  Another Basidiomycete genome on the way, yah!

DuPont/Pioneer Hi-Bred has donated the genome sequence of the Sordariomycete Colletotrichum graminicola into the public domain by depositing the sequence in GenBank.  The FGI through the Broad Institute are also sequencing a strain of C. graminicola (teleomorph Glomerella graminicola)

A paper in Current Genetics describes the discovery of Repeat Induced Polymorphism (RIP) in two Euriotiales fungi.  RIP has been extensively studied in Neurospora crassa and has been identified in other Sordariomycete fungi Magnaporthe, Fusiarium. This is not the first Aspergillus species to have RIP described as it was demonstrated in the biotech workhorse Aspergillus oryzae.  However, I think this study is the first to describe RIP in a putatively asexual fungus.  The evidence for RIP is only found in transposon sequences in the Aspergillus and Penicillium.  A really interesting aspect of this discovery is RIP is thought to only occur during sexual stage, but a sexual state has never been observed for these fungi.  

Tom Bruns, Martin Bidartondo and 250 others sent a letter to Science describing the current problems with fixing annotation in GenBank. There is an entertaining accompanying news article that interviews several people about the problem of updating annotation and species assigned to sequences in the database. In particular the problem for mycologists that many fungi found from metagenomic approaches are only identified through molecular sequences and having the wrong species associated with a sequence can be difficult when studying community ecology composition.  This problem is not limited to fungi by any means, but recent reports find as many as 20% of fungal Intergenic Spacer (ITS) sequences are mis-attributed to the wrong species. 

There's a nice quote in the news article from Steven Salzberg talking about the difficulties in getting sequences, especially from big centers, updated. I'm sure he is thinking of many examples, like reclassifying some Drosophila sequence traces.